During heat stress, birds strive to regulate their body temperature by panting, increasing their respiration rate from a normal rate of 25 breaths per minute to a maximum of 250 breathes.

As birds pant, they eliminate excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂), which leads to low concentrations of carbonic acid and hydrogen in the blood and to an increase of plasma pH (respiratory alkalosis). The kidneys attempt to maintain the plasma pH by reducing the excretion of carbonic acid and hydrogen and increasing the excretion of potassium and sodium, two ions involved in the pH regulation. The excess elimination of potassium and sodium through urine leads to electrolyte imbalance.

Potassium and sodium are involved in key metabolic functions, such as osmotic balance, plasma pH and transport of substances across cell membranes. A deficiency of these two minerals has a direct effect on performance.

By adding electrolytes to feed or drinking water and restoring the electrolyte balance, it is possible to reduce the negative consequences of heat stress. Electrolyte therapy:

• Reduces mortality
• Minimizes productivity losses
• Increases feed intake

It is advised to start electrolyte therapy when temperature is expected to rise, before heat stress begins. However, care must be taken with the amount of electrolytes administered to avoid overdosing, which increases the moisture of the feces, increasing the occurrence of footpad dermatitis, and puts layers and breeders at risk of eggshell defects.